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Solana Developer SME Guide Beta

Sections

Solana Foundations & Architecture

Solana Foundations In Depth Solana Basics SOL, Lamports & Units Clusters & Networks RPC Providers Slots, Blocks & Epochs Keypairs & Addresses The Solana Mental Model vs. EVM How a Transaction Flows Types of Wallets Block Explorers Wallets & Explorers Solana Fundamentals Best Practices Highlights Summary

Accounts and Addresses Transactions and Instructions PDAs and Seeds CPI Cross Program Anchor Program Basics Anchor Accounts Constraints System and SPL Token Program Errors and Logs Client Kit TypeScript RPC Patterns Compute and Fees Testing Local Validator Highlights Summary

The Account Blueprint Account Model Basics Account Anatomy Rent & Rent-Exemption System Accounts vs. Program Accounts Program-Owned State Account Ownership & Permissions Data Accounts & Layout Creating & Closing Accounts Account Model Best Practices Highlights Summary

Sealevel Runtime Key Points Programs Basics The SVM & sBPF Sealevel Parallel Execution Account Locks & Conflicts Compute Units & Budgets The Program Entrypoint Stateless Programs Program Loaders & Upgradeability Sealevel Runtime Best Practices Highlights Summary

The Transaction Transactions Basics Instructions & Accounts Versioned Transactions (v0)Address Lookup Tables (ALTs)The Compute Budget Program Priority Fees Blockhashes & Expiry Simulating Transactions Jito Tips & Bundles Transactions Best Practices Highlights Summary

Solana Architecture In Detail Architecture Overview Proof of History (PoH)Turbine Gulf Stream Sealevel Pipelining (TPU/TVU)Cloudbreak & Accounts DB Gossip & Cluster Communication Leader Schedule & Block Production Architecture Best Practices Highlights Summary

Consensus In Depth Consensus Basics TowerBFT + PoH Vote Accounts & Voting Introducing Alpenglow Votor Rotor Migration & Developer Impact Confirmation Levels in Clients Consensus Best Practices Highlights Summary

Tokenomics Blueprint Economics Basics Inflation & Staking Rewards Staking & Delegation Liquid Staking & LSTs MEV on Solana Priority Fee Markets Governance & SIMDs Realms & On-Chain Governance Economics Best Practices Highlights Summary

CLI, Tooling & Local Dev

The Solana CLI Solana CLI Basics Keypairs with solana-keygen Airdrops & Balances Inspecting Accounts & Programs Sending SOL & Transactions Deploying Programs spl-token CLI Logs & Debugging Solana CLI Best Practices Highlights Summary

Toolchain Blueprint Toolchain Overview Version Management (agave-install / avm)create-solana-dapp Mucho CLI Building Programs (cargo build-sbf)Verifiable Builds (solana-verify)Editor & rust-analyzer Setup Toolchain Best Practices Highlights Summary

Local Dev In Detail Local Dev Basics solana-test-validator Cloning Mainnet Accounts Surfpool Loading Programs & Fixtures Local Logs & Debugging Localnet vs Devnet Workflow Local Dev Best Practices Highlights Summary

RPC & WebSockets In Depth RPC Basics Core RPC Methods getProgramAccounts & Filters WebSocket Subscriptions The DAS API Priority Fee & Simulation APIs RPC Providers Pagination & Efficiency RPC Best Practices Highlights Summary

Indexing Blueprint Indexing Basics Geyser Plugins Yellowstone gRPC Webhooks Building an Indexer Parsing Program Data Analytics & Dashboards Indexing Best Practices Highlights Summary

Landing Transactions Key Points Why Transactions Fail to Land Estimating Compute Units Setting Priority Fees Address Lookup Tables in Practice Retries & Blockhash Management Jito Bundles Transaction Assembly Optimization Best Practices Highlights Summary

On-Chain Rust

Rust for Solana Programs Rust for Solana Basics no_std & the Program Environment Borsh Serialization Zero-Copy with bytemuck Safe Arithmetic Working with Pubkeys & Accounts Program Size & CU Discipline Error Handling On-Chain Rust for Solana Best Practices Highlights Summary

Native Programs In Detail Native Program Basics The Entrypoint & Dispatch Manual Account Validation Instruction Data (de)Serialization Creating Accounts via CPI Reading & Writing Account Data Emitting Logs When to Go Native Native Programs Best Practices Highlights Summary

The PDA Blueprint PDA Basics Deriving PDAs Canonical Bumps Signing with PDAs PDAs as Authorities PDA Account Creation Seed Design & Collisions PDA Security Pitfalls PDA Best Practices Highlights Summary

CPIs Explained CPI Basics invoke vs invoke_signed Passing Accounts to CPIs CPI to the System Program CPI to SPL Token CPI Depth & Limits Reentrancy & Safety Composability Patterns CPI Best Practices Highlights Summary

Serialization Key Points Serialization Basics Account Discriminators Borsh Structs Zero-Copy Accounts realloc & Growing Accounts Space Calculation Data Versioning & Migration Serialization Best Practices Highlights Summary

Pinocchio In Depth Lightweight Frameworks Overview Pinocchio Basics Building a Program with Pinocchio Steel Framework CU & Binary-Size Wins Interop & Migration When to Use Which Framework Lightweight Frameworks Best Practices Highlights Summary

Errors, Logs & Events Error Handling Basics Custom Error Enums Logging with msg!Emitting Events Decoding Errors Off-Chain Debugging Failed Transactions Errors & Logs Best Practices Highlights Summary

On-Chain Patterns Blueprint Program Patterns Basics Account Initialization Patterns Vault & Escrow State Machines On-Chain Access Control & Authorities Fee & Treasury Patterns Time & Clock Upgrade-Safe Data Design Program Patterns Best Practices Highlights Summary

Anchor Framework

Anchor In Depth Anchor Basics Project Structure The #[program] Module The Accounts Struct Building & Deploying The Anchor Workflow Anchor vs Native Anchor Basics Best Practices Highlights Summary

Anchor Constraints Explained Account Types The #[account] Constraints init & init_if_needed Space & Rent Seeds & Bump Constraints Token & Associated Token Constraints Custom Constraints Account Validation Order Accounts & Constraints Best Practices Highlights Summary

Instructions & Context Instruction Handlers Instruction Arguments Accessing Accounts The System & Token Programs Return Values & CPIs from Handlers Instruction Ordering & Dependencies Instructions Best Practices Highlights Summary

PDAs in Anchor Key Points PDAs in Anchor Signing with PDAs Storing Bumps PDA Authorities Client-Side PDA Derivation Common PDA Mistakes PDAs in Anchor Best Practices Highlights Summary

Anchor CPIs In Detail CPI Basics in Anchor SPL Token CPIs Signed CPIs CPI to Custom Programs Passing Remaining Accounts CPI Safety CPIs in Anchor Best Practices Highlights Summary

Anchor Errors & Events #[error_code] & require!Custom Error Messages Events with emit!emit_cpi! & Self-CPI Events Logging & CU Cost Client-Side Error Decoding Errors & Events Best Practices Highlights Summary

IDL & Codegen Blueprint The Anchor IDL declare_program!Generating TS Clients Codama from an Anchor IDL IDL Versioning On-Chain IDLs Codegen Best Practices Highlights Summary

Advanced Anchor Key Points Zero-Copy Accounts realloc in Anchor remaining_accounts Custom Account Types CU & Size Optimization Feature Flags & cfg Interacting with Native/Pinocchio Programs Advanced Anchor Best Practices Highlights Summary

Tokens, NFTs & Standards

The SPL Token Program SPL Token Basics Associated Token Accounts (ATAs)Minting & Burning Transfers & Delegates Authorities Decimals & Amounts Wrapped SOL SPL Token in Programs SPL Token Best Practices Highlights Summary

Token-2022 In Depth Token-2022 Basics Transfer Fees Transfer Hooks Confidential Transfers Metadata & Metadata Pointer Permanent Delegate & Non-Transferable Interest-Bearing & Default Account State Migrating from SPL Token Token-2022 Best Practices Highlights Summary

NFTs & Metaplex Blueprint NFT Basics on Solana Metaplex Core Token Metadata Collections & Verification Candy Machine Royalties & Enforcement Metadata & Storage Reading NFTs (DAS API)NFT Best Practices Highlights Summary

Compressed NFTs Explained State Compression Basics How Compression Works Compressed NFTs (Bubblegum)Reading Compressed Assets (DAS)Transferring cNFTs Cost & Trade-offs Compression Best Practices Highlights Summary

Frontend & Clients

@solana/kit In Detail @solana/kit Basics RPC & Subscriptions Keypairs & Signers Building Transaction Messages Signing & Sending Codecs & Serialization Address Lookup Tables Migrating from web3.js v1 @solana/kit Best Practices Highlights Summary

Wallet Integration Key Points Wallet Basics Wallet Adapter @wallet-ui/react Connecting & Disconnecting Signing Transactions & Messages Autoconnect & Session UX Hardware & Mobile Wallets Wallet Integration Best Practices Highlights Summary

Typed Clients Blueprint Typed Clients Basics The Anchor TS Client Codama gill Fetching & Decoding Accounts Building Instructions Keeping Clients in Sync Typed Clients Best Practices Highlights Summary

Next.js dApp Integration dApp Integration Basics Providers & App Router Server-Side Reads Client-Side Signing Displaying On-Chain Data Transaction UX API Routes for Transactions Caching & Realtime Next.js dApp Integration Best Practices Highlights Summary

Solana Pay, Actions & Blinks Solana Pay Basics Transaction Requests Actions (the spec)Blinks Building an Action Security & Verification Solana Pay & Actions Best Practices Highlights Summary

Solana Mobile In Depth Solana Mobile Basics Mobile Wallet Adapter (MWA)Building a Mobile dApp Deep Links & Session Handling The dApp Store Seed Vault & Security Solana Mobile Best Practices Highlights Summary

DeFi, Security & Testing

DeFi Integrations Blueprint DeFi Basics on Solana Swaps with Jupiter AMMs (Raydium, Orca, Meteora)Perps & Order Books Lending & Borrowing Liquid Staking (LSTs)Jito & MEV Oracles DeFi Integrations Best Practices Highlights Summary

Program Security Key Points Security Basics Signer & Owner Checks Account Validation Attacks PDA & Seed Attacks Arithmetic & Overflow Reinitialization Attacks CPI & Reentrancy Risks Sealevel Attacks Catalog Audit Workflow Security Best Practices Highlights Summary

Testing Solana Programs Testing Basics LiteSVM Mollusk Bankrun (TS)Anchor TS Tests Fuzzing Programs Testing CPIs & PDAs Testing Against a Validator Testing Best Practices Highlights Summary

Deployment & Upgrades In Detail Deployment Basics Deploying Programs Program Upgrades Verifiable Builds (solana-verify)Making Programs Immutable Governance-Gated Upgrades Rollbacks & Incident Response Deployment Best Practices Highlights Summary

Validator Ops Explained Validator Basics Agave Client Firedancer / Frankendancer Jito-Solana Hardware & Networking Vote Accounts & Staking Stake-Weighted QoS (SWQoS)Monitoring & Epoch Ops Validator Best Practices Highlights Summary

Ecosystem & Team

Python for Solana Python for Solana Basics solders & solana-py Building Transactions in Python AnchorPy Reading Chain Data Trading & Bots Data Analysis Python for Solana Best Practices Highlights Summary

Essential Crates solana-program & solana-sdk anchor-lang & anchor-spl spl-token & spl-associated-token-account borsh & bytemuck mpl-core & mpl-token-metadata pinocchio & steel @solana/kit, Codama & gill (JS/TS)litesvm, mollusk & solana-bankrun Essential Libraries Best Practices Highlights Summary

Team Onboarding Key Points Onboarding Devs Checklist Environment Setup Checklist The Solana Mental-Model Ramp First Program & dApp Code Review Guidelines Team Best Practices Highlights Summary

Tech-Lead Craft

Incident Response In Depth Debugging Failed Transactions Transactions Not Landing RPC & Infrastructure Outages On-Chain Incident Response Blameless Post-Mortems & RCA Rollback & Mitigation Prevention Checklists Highlights Summary

Enterprise Delivery Blueprint Devnet to Mainnet Promotion Program Upgrade Strategy Feature Flags & Progressive Rollout Rollback & Forward-Fix DORA Metrics for Web3 Frontend Release Management Delivery Best Practices Highlights Summary

Technical Leadership In Detail Technical Decision-Making Architecture Decision Records (ADRs)Running Design Reviews Code Review Culture Mentoring & Leveling Delegation & Spreading Context Handling Technical Disagreements Leadership Best Practices Highlights Summary

Stakeholder Collaboration Key Points Requirements to Technical Specs Prioritizing Platform & Tech Debt Estimation & Risk Roadmap Contributions Stakeholder Communication Making the Process Work (Scrum/Kanban/SAFe)Product Collaboration Best Practices Highlights Summary

Case Studies Blueprint Reference: A DeFi Program + dApp Reference: An SPL Token Launch Reference: A Compressed-NFT Mint at Scale Before/After: Optimizing a Program for CU & Rent Before/After: Making Transactions Land Reliably Security Incident Retrospectives Lessons-Learned Catalog Highlights Summary

Standards & Future-Proofing Coding & Program Standards Documentation Conventions Contribution Guidelines Dependency & Crate Governance Audit & Bug-Bounty Program Tracking Ecosystem Change Spikes, PoCs & Adopting New Tools Governance Best Practices Highlights Summary

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An independent, unofficial educational resource. Not affiliated with, endorsed, or sponsored by the brand/trademark maintainers/owners.

This site is in beta testing and may have inaccuracies or errors.

All code examples are generic for learning and for a dev/test environment only. No warranty is provided to users. See terms.

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Solana Developer SME GuideBeta

From accounts and PDAs through Anchor 0.32, Agave 4.1, @solana/kit, Token Extensions, cNFTs, and landing transactions reliably - what every Solana specialist should know. Unofficial guide.

⚠️ Important: Do not copy-paste Solana code into your app without doing your own quality/security audit. Code blocks are generic examples only for learning and experimentation in dev/testing environments, and may not be suitable for your app. This site is in BETA testing and ongoing quality evaluation, so may have code errors. There is no warranty - see terms.

14 pages

Solana Foundations In Depth, Solana Basics, SOL, Lamports & Units, Clusters & Networks, RPC Providers, Slots, Blocks & Epochs, Keypairs & Addresses, ...

13 pages

Accounts and Addresses, Transactions and Instructions, PDAs and Seeds, CPI Cross Program, Anchor Program Basics, Anchor Accounts Constraints, ...

11 pages

The Account Blueprint, Account Model Basics, Account Anatomy, Rent & Rent-Exemption, System Accounts vs. Program Accounts, Program-Owned State, ...

Sealevel Runtime

11 pages

Sealevel Runtime Key Points, Programs Basics, The SVM & sBPF, Sealevel Parallel Execution, Account Locks & Conflicts, Compute Units & Budgets, ...

Transactions & Fees

12 pages

The Transaction, Transactions Basics, Instructions & Accounts, Versioned Transactions (v0), Address Lookup Tables (ALTs), The Compute Budget Program, ...

12 pages

Solana Architecture In Detail, Architecture Overview, Proof of History (PoH), Turbine, Gulf Stream, Sealevel, Pipelining (TPU/TVU), Cloudbreak & Accounts DB, ...

11 pages

Consensus In Depth, Consensus Basics, TowerBFT + PoH, Vote Accounts & Voting, Introducing Alpenglow, Votor, Rotor, Migration & Developer Impact, ...

11 pages

Tokenomics Blueprint, Economics Basics, Inflation & Staking Rewards, Staking & Delegation, Liquid Staking & LSTs, MEV on Solana, Priority Fee Markets, ...

11 pages

The Solana CLI, Solana CLI Basics, Keypairs with solana-keygen, Airdrops & Balances, Inspecting Accounts & Programs, Sending SOL & Transactions, ...

10 pages

Toolchain Blueprint, Toolchain Overview, Version Management (agave-install / avm), create-solana-dapp, Mucho CLI, Building Programs (cargo build-sbf), ...

10 pages

Local Dev In Detail, Local Dev Basics, solana-test-validator, Cloning Mainnet Accounts, Surfpool, Loading Programs & Fixtures, Local Logs & Debugging, ...

11 pages

RPC & WebSockets In Depth, RPC Basics, Core RPC Methods, getProgramAccounts & Filters, WebSocket Subscriptions, The DAS API, Priority Fee & Simulation APIs, ...

10 pages

Indexing Blueprint, Indexing Basics, Geyser Plugins, Yellowstone gRPC, Webhooks, Building an Indexer, Parsing Program Data, Analytics & Dashboards, ...

Tx Optimization

10 pages

Landing Transactions Key Points, Why Transactions Fail to Land, Estimating Compute Units, Setting Priority Fees, Address Lookup Tables in Practice, ...

11 pages

Rust for Solana Programs, Rust for Solana Basics, no_std & the Program Environment, Borsh Serialization, Zero-Copy with bytemuck, Safe Arithmetic, ...

Native Programs

11 pages

Native Programs In Detail, Native Program Basics, The Entrypoint & Dispatch, Manual Account Validation, Instruction Data (de)Serialization, ...

11 pages

The PDA Blueprint, PDA Basics, Deriving PDAs, Canonical Bumps, Signing with PDAs, PDAs as Authorities, PDA Account Creation, Seed Design & Collisions, ...

11 pages

CPIs Explained, CPI Basics, invoke vs invoke_signed, Passing Accounts to CPIs, CPI to the System Program, CPI to SPL Token, CPI Depth & Limits, ...

10 pages

Serialization Key Points, Serialization Basics, Account Discriminators, Borsh Structs, Zero-Copy Accounts, realloc & Growing Accounts, Space Calculation, ...

Pinocchio & Steel

10 pages

Pinocchio In Depth, Lightweight Frameworks Overview, Pinocchio Basics, Building a Program with Pinocchio, Steel Framework, CU & Binary-Size Wins, ...

9 pages

Errors, Logs & Events, Error Handling Basics, Custom Error Enums, Logging with msg!, Emitting Events, Decoding Errors Off-Chain, Debugging Failed Transactions, ...

Program Patterns

11 pages

On-Chain Patterns Blueprint, Program Patterns Basics, Account Initialization Patterns, Vault & Escrow, State Machines On-Chain, Access Control & Authorities, ...

10 pages

Anchor In Depth, Anchor Basics, Project Structure, The #[program] Module, The Accounts Struct, Building & Deploying, The Anchor Workflow, Anchor vs Native, ...

Accounts & Constraints

11 pages

Anchor Constraints Explained, Account Types, The #[account] Constraints, init & init_if_needed, Space & Rent, Seeds & Bump Constraints, ...

9 pages

Instructions & Context, Instruction Handlers, Instruction Arguments, Accessing Accounts, The System & Token Programs, Return Values & CPIs from Handlers, ...

9 pages

PDAs in Anchor Key Points, PDAs in Anchor, Signing with PDAs, Storing Bumps, PDA Authorities, Client-Side PDA Derivation, Common PDA Mistakes, ...

9 pages

Anchor CPIs In Detail, CPI Basics in Anchor, SPL Token CPIs, Signed CPIs, CPI to Custom Programs, Passing Remaining Accounts, CPI Safety, ...

9 pages

Anchor Errors & Events, #[error_code] & require!, Custom Error Messages, Events with emit!, emit_cpi! & Self-CPI Events, Logging & CU Cost, ...

9 pages

IDL & Codegen Blueprint, The Anchor IDL, declare_program!, Generating TS Clients, Codama from an Anchor IDL, IDL Versioning, On-Chain IDLs, ...

Advanced Anchor

10 pages

Advanced Anchor Key Points, Zero-Copy Accounts, realloc in Anchor, remaining_accounts, Custom Account Types, CU & Size Optimization, Feature Flags & cfg, ...

11 pages

The SPL Token Program, SPL Token Basics, Associated Token Accounts (ATAs), Minting & Burning, Transfers & Delegates, Authorities, Decimals & Amounts, ...

11 pages

Token-2022 In Depth, Token-2022 Basics, Transfer Fees, Transfer Hooks, Confidential Transfers, Metadata & Metadata Pointer, ...

NFTs & Metaplex

11 pages

NFTs & Metaplex Blueprint, NFT Basics on Solana, Metaplex Core, Token Metadata, Collections & Verification, Candy Machine, Royalties & Enforcement, ...

9 pages

Compressed NFTs Explained, State Compression Basics, How Compression Works, Compressed NFTs (Bubblegum), Reading Compressed Assets (DAS), Transferring cNFTs, ...

11 pages

@solana/kit In Detail, @solana/kit Basics, RPC & Subscriptions, Keypairs & Signers, Building Transaction Messages, Signing & Sending, Codecs & Serialization, ...

10 pages

Wallet Integration Key Points, Wallet Basics, Wallet Adapter, @wallet-ui/react, Connecting & Disconnecting, Signing Transactions & Messages, ...

10 pages

Typed Clients Blueprint, Typed Clients Basics, The Anchor TS Client, Codama, gill, Fetching & Decoding Accounts, Building Instructions, Keeping Clients in Sync, ...

11 pages

Next.js dApp Integration, dApp Integration Basics, Providers & App Router, Server-Side Reads, Client-Side Signing, Displaying On-Chain Data, Transaction UX, ...

9 pages

Solana Pay, Actions & Blinks, Solana Pay Basics, Transaction Requests, Actions (the spec), Blinks, Building an Action, Security & Verification, ...

9 pages

Solana Mobile In Depth, Solana Mobile Basics, Mobile Wallet Adapter (MWA), Building a Mobile dApp, Deep Links & Session Handling, The dApp Store, ...

11 pages

DeFi Integrations Blueprint, DeFi Basics on Solana, Swaps with Jupiter, AMMs (Raydium, Orca, Meteora), Perps & Order Books, Lending & Borrowing, ...

12 pages

Program Security Key Points, Security Basics, Signer & Owner Checks, Account Validation Attacks, PDA & Seed Attacks, Arithmetic & Overflow, ...

11 pages

Testing Solana Programs, Testing Basics, LiteSVM, Mollusk, Bankrun (TS), Anchor TS Tests, Fuzzing Programs, Testing CPIs & PDAs, Testing Against a Validator, ...

10 pages

Deployment & Upgrades In Detail, Deployment Basics, Deploying Programs, Program Upgrades, Verifiable Builds (solana-verify), Making Programs Immutable, ...

11 pages

Validator Ops Explained, Validator Basics, Agave Client, Firedancer / Frankendancer, Jito-Solana, Hardware & Networking, Vote Accounts & Staking, ...

10 pages

Python for Solana, Python for Solana Basics, solders & solana-py, Building Transactions in Python, AnchorPy, Reading Chain Data, Trading & Bots, Data Analysis, ...

11 pages

Essential Crates, solana-program & solana-sdk, anchor-lang & anchor-spl, spl-token & spl-associated-token-account, borsh & bytemuck, ...

8 pages

Team Onboarding Key Points, Onboarding Devs Checklist, Environment Setup Checklist, The Solana Mental-Model Ramp, First Program & dApp, Code Review Guidelines, ...

Incident Response

9 pages

Incident Response In Depth, Debugging Failed Transactions, Transactions Not Landing, RPC & Infrastructure Outages, On-Chain Incident Response, ...

Enterprise Delivery

9 pages

Enterprise Delivery Blueprint, Devnet to Mainnet Promotion, Program Upgrade Strategy, Feature Flags & Progressive Rollout, Rollback & Forward-Fix, ...

Tech Leadership

10 pages

Technical Leadership In Detail, Technical Decision-Making, Architecture Decision Records (ADRs), Running Design Reviews, Code Review Culture, ...

Product & Stakeholders

9 pages

Stakeholder Collaboration Key Points, Requirements to Technical Specs, Prioritizing Platform & Tech Debt, Estimation & Risk, Roadmap Contributions, ...

9 pages

Case Studies Blueprint, Reference: A DeFi Program + dApp, Reference: An SPL Token Launch, Reference: A Compressed-NFT Mint at Scale, ...

10 pages

Standards & Future-Proofing, Coding & Program Standards, Documentation Conventions, Contribution Guidelines, Dependency & Crate Governance, ...

⚠️ Important: Do not copy-paste Solana code into your app without doing your own quality/security audit. Code blocks are generic examples only for learning and experimentation in dev/testing environments, and may not be suitable for your app. This site is in BETA testing and ongoing quality evaluation, so may have code errors. There is no warranty - see terms.